Correlation Between Religiosity And Inequality - 3473 Words

Abstract: The study that was conducted aims to closely scrutinize the profound correlation between religiosity and attitudes of inequality among undergraduate students that attend North Park University, thus placing strong emphasis on learning how religiously places a role in shaping student s attitudes and perceptions of inequality among our culture and society. While prior research in this academic discipline leads us to believe the ideological notion that religious students believe that inequality is not as prevalent as non-religious students, the hypothesis of this study aims to either confirm past research or shed light into a the notion that the research may show different results. Moreover, the study goes one step further to analyze, in addition, the students perception of wealth and how they factor wealth into the connection between religiosity and inequality. Even further, there is an additional data analysis that aims to answer the question of whether more men or women feel there is more correlation between religiosity and inequality since there is very little current data on that trend. This survey was conducted of 250 undergraduate students at North Park University and was conducted through email in the late winter and early spring of 2015. Those aforementioned students were invited to participate in the survey via an online questionnaire. Out of the 250 students, 83 students replied and submitted data. The comprehensive questionnaire was comprised ofShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage930 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity had been critical of the mainstream LGBT movement’s narrow focus on the legalization of same-sex marriage during the marriage equality movement. They argued that the focus on legalizing same-sex marriage for sidestepping issues concerning inequality and marginalization within the community (Spade and Willse 2013; Loicano 1989; Choi et al. 2011; Han 2008). Studies show that the experiences of discrimina tion within the LGBT community among blacks lead to lower sexual identity salience, preventsRead MoreReligion And The Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1643 Words   |  7 Pageshas shown that both women and men benefit from religion. It is not a cure-all, but there is a positive correlation between being religious and an overall well-being (Levin, 2010). However, there is less research on how religion affects women and men differently even though it is known women are usually more religious than men as previously stated. In 1988, Willits and Crider found that religiosity was correlated with better job satisfaction among men than for women, which relates to the oppositionalRead MoreMulticultural Perspectives Of Practice : Msw 5531633 Words   |  7 Pageswhite neighborhood. Ms. Jackson expressed she was reminded daily that she was black regardless of her achievements while growing up. My client clearly remembers the conversation she had with her parents before moving to California in regards to the inequalities she will be confronted with being a women of color. Ms. Jackson is divorced and currently lives with her 18 year old son. Client’s ex-husband is not in the picture. My client’s husband walked out on her upon the arrival of their son. Client hasRead MoreThe Effects Of Religiosity And Culture On Adolescent Std Rates2944 Words   |  12 Pagesamongst adolescents. To further understand the effects of religiosity and culture, this review of literature will discover the negative and positive correlations, and the associations certain variables obtained to influence the adolescent STD rates. The possible major factors that contribute to high adolescent STD rates are: adolescent relationships, sexual violence, lack of sexual knowledge, and lack of parental guidance. However, religiosity and culture plays both a positive and a negative preventiveRead MoreProtecting Women from Domestic Violence4161 Words   |  17 Pagesthe culture of a state may determine whether the society supports rights for women, including protection from domestic violence. A variety of statistics indicating women’s representation and culture were gathered for analysis. Using bi variate correlation and multiple regression, the theories were tested against each other in an attempt to determine the cause of variation in levels of protection. The findings suggest that both women’s representation and culture are significantly correlated to levelRead More Protecting Women from Domestic Violence Essay5817 Words   |  24 Pagesthe culture of a state may determine whether the society supports rights for women, including protection from domestic violence. A variety of statistics indicating women’s representation and culture were gathered for analysis. Using bi variate correlation and multiple regression, the theories were tested against each other in an attempt to determine the cause of variation in levels of protection. The findings s uggest that both women’s representation and culture are significantly correlated to levelRead MoreWho Really Cares? New York : Basic Books, 20062005 Words   |  9 Pages Brooks, Arthur C. Who Really Cares? New York: Basic Books, 2006 In Who Really Cares?, Arthur C. Brooks made an intriguing case regarding the debate between which group of the general public, liberals or conservatives, gives more to charity. The author notes that he sees in society, that there is a popular belief that people whose ideologies fall under the ideas of liberalism give more than their conservative counterparts. The main point he is trying to make, is that conservativesRead MoreTheories of Ethnocentrism: Social Dominance Theory and Social Identity Perspective6083 Words   |  25 Pagesreasoning A major focus of psychology is in understanding why group conflict, inequality and ethnocentrism occur. Many researchers have developed theories and presented evidence to try and explain these issues and two predominant approaches have emerged. The first approach focuses on the relatively stable personality differences that people show in their general orientation towards ethnocentrism and inequality (Sidanius Pratto, 1999). Social Dominance Theory (SDT) proposes that people exhibitRead MoreOpenness in Personality10561 Words   |  43 Pagessymptoms of mental disorders.[5] Religious fundamentalism and to a lesser extent general traditional religiosity tend to be associated with low openness, whereas open mature religiosity and spirituality tend to be associated with high openness. Cognitive aspects Openness to experience correlates with creativity, as measured by tests of divergent thinking.[8] Openness correlates with intelligence, correlation coefficients ranging from about r = .30 to r = .45.[9] Openness is moderately associated with crystallizedRead MoreBig five Personality Traits7561 Words   |  31 Pagesself-report and questionnaire data, peer ratings, and objective measures from experimental settings) in order to find the underlying factors of personality.[6][7][8][9][10]The Big five personality traits was the model to comprehend the relationship between personality and academic behaviors.[11] The initial model was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal in 1961,[12]  but failed to reach an academic audience until the 1980s. In 1990, J.M. Digman advanced his five factor model of personality

The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) Essay

Growing up in Florida, the sunshine state, all my years of schooling was practically determined in the months of February and March, by the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test, most commonly known as the F.C.A.T. The Florida department of education (2005) presents (to parents and guardians of the students), the F.C.A.T. as a test given to Florida students to measure what they know and are able to accomplish in reading, writing, mathematics, and science. This test is a part of Florida’s plan to improve student’s achievement. It measures challenging content standard, called the Sunshine State Standards. The F.C.A.T. is said to be made up of two types of test. One of the tests is a criterion-referenced test or CRT, the other type of test is†¦show more content†¦In this, they clarify some questions parents, guardians, and teachers may wonder; one of these issues challenges FCAT fairness for ESE and LEP students. The question is, if there are adjustments for these students, they respond by saying that they do have different measures of accommodations for these students. Discussing with one math professor he told me â€Å"While all teachers have different grading and teaching styles the FCAT, is a unique way of testing the entire student population and the teachers all equally† (Anonymous, 2010) this to me put a new perspective the FCAT; I always thought of this test in an indifferent manner. Perhaps, this is a fair way to evaluate what the students learned as well as how the teachers are teaching. Being once a student of the public school system in Florida, I was never fond of the FCAT. During my younger school years teachers would make us practice, and practice, the test taking formation in preparation for the FCAT. In my experience the FCAT is not a bad standardize test. I do think that we should have a standardize test to know how the students are doing in the different subject matters. However, the emphasis that teachers and faculty put on the test is the part that gives FCAT my negative feelings. If they make the test, a test like any other in our regular classrooms, I would suppose more students would be more relaxed and consequently doShow MoreRelatedStandardized Tests : Standardized Testing963 Words   |  4 Pages Bob Botkin ENC 1101-095 13 Oct 2015 Standardized Testing in Florida In recent years Florida’s standardized testing program has taken a turn for the worst. After doing away with the FCAT (Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test) the debate has only grown due to flood of new tests being created such as the Florida Standards Assessment (FSA) or End of Course Exam (EOC). These tests are administered to test students’ abilities at the end of the school year. In spring of 2015, with only two monthsRead MoreCommon Core Is A Hassle Throughout The Nation1717 Words   |  7 Pages Common Core is a hassle throughout the nation. In Florida, changing from the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) to the upcoming Common Core test means introducing new, more complex assessment state wide in schools. Common Core implements more rigorous standards, even though students are already having trouble with previous standards. Common Core state standards are an attempt to make American schools compete with the best education systems worldwide (Avoid). Implementing the use of moreRead MoreGraduation Speech And Components Of The 2013-2014 School Year812 Words   |  4 PagesI was able to obtain and review my school FCAT scores and components from the 2013-2014 school year. We have yet to receive our FSA breakdowns. The scores we received from the FSA was just 10th grade pass or fail. Reviewing the 2013-2014 FCAT scores and components reading produced the lowest scores for this particular school year. I must say that even though reading produced the lowest scores for that school year with an overall reading readiness component score of 85. This was 9-point increaseRead MoreCreating A Summer School Program1122 Words   |  5 Pageslocated in De Leon Springs, Florida. The reason for the choosing of this school was because of their below average test scores. McInnis Elementary is a â€Å"C† school, with students who are predominantly hispanic (City-Data, 2010). The School’s review are as followed: 66% of the students are hispanic (City-Data, 2010). 90% of the students are eligible to receive free or reduced priced lunches (Great!Schools, 2014). Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test Results Figure 1: FCAT 2 Results, 2014 Note. FigureRead MoreEffects Of Recess And Increased Physical Activity On Behavior And Academic Performance2083 Words   |  9 PagesPhysical Activity On Behavior And Academic Performance In The Primary School Classroom Garry Sullivan University of Central Florida Author Note Garry W.H. Sullivan, Department of Education, University of Central Florida Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Garry Sullivan, Department of Graduate Studies in Education, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816. E-mail: gsullivan@knights.ucf.edu. Abstract The role of increased organized physical activity and theRead MoreCharacteristics Of Effective Professional Development Schools790 Words   |  4 Pagesgrant application, I reviewed 2013 survey results summarizing the violence, suicide, and safety behaviors of Duval County Middle School students. Variables such as type of violence, school year, gender, health zone, and risk factors were included (Florida Health Duval County and Duval County Public Schools, 2013). 5. An independent variable is the variable that comes first and influences or predicts the dependent variable. Independent variables can also be described as the intervention versus theRead MoreCreating A Summer School Program1141 Words   |  5 Pageslocated in De Leon Springs, Florida. The reason for the choosing of this school was because of their below average test scores. McInnis Elementary is a â€Å"C† school, with students who are predominantly hispanic (City-Data, 2010). The School’s review are as followed: †¢ 66% of the students are hispanic (City-Data, 2010). †¢ 90% of the students are eligible to receive free or reduced priced lunches (Great!Schools, 2014). Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test Results Figure 1: FCAT 2 Results, 2014 NoteRead MoreSingle Sex Schools Should Be Taught1424 Words   |  6 Pagesall boys and all girls’ schools is significantly proven and expressed within public surveys, standardized testing and observation of each classroom environment. Standardized tests are the easiest way to seek out improvements, failures, and general differences between students. Utilizing the power, these tests had been administered in experimenting single sex and co-educational school students for how they have comprehended and transferred the information. One exemplification of Single sexRead MoreMichael Hansen Of The American Institutes For Research954 Words   |  4 PagesIn the March 11, 2014 edition of The Journal of Educational Research, Michael Hansen of the American Institutes for Research outlines his analyses of longitudinal evidence of STEM performance from Florida and North Carolina public schools. Employing standard scientific principles and the relatively novel value-added analysis model Hansen highlights the necessity for further research and data collection regarding the characteristics of schools successful in STEM. Rationale John P. Holdren, AssistantRead MoreDo Childern Learn Better in Boys-Only and Girls-Only Schools?878 Words   |  4 PagesTable of Contents INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 REASONS FOR SINGLE SEX SCHOOLS’ STUDENTS LEARN BETTER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 TITLE IX OF THE EDUCATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 CALCULATIONS OF NCEA AND FCAT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 BIBLIOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.6 INRODUCTION There are several types of schools; public schools, private schools, international schools etc†¦. Each type of schools separates for two categories;

Report On Reding in the Dark Essay Example For Students

Report On Reding in the Dark Essay The novel, Reading in the Dark, is written by Seamus Deanne. This book is written from the viewpoint of a little boy who explains the episodes of his life as he grows up. Apparently, Deanne said in an interview with the Irish Times, that the accounts in the story are taken from his own family along with the other families in his neighborhood in Derry, Northern Ireland. As I read the book, I didnt think it was a true story, but presumed it was fictional. I think I thought this because it was all about hauntings and ghost stories and it didnt strike me as being a true account someones life. After I read it, I found out that all of the accounts in the story are true, and it changed the way that I evaluated at the book. I now saw the book as the authors way to explain himself and let the reader know where he is coming from, rather than just any fictional story. I think that he stresses how the episodes in his early life really effected him and ultimately resulted in him becoming a writer . Before I realized the author was the narrator of the book it was not as personal and I didnt feel so much for the narrator. However, when I found out he was writing about himself it became more personal and it gives the reader a real sense of what his life was like while he was growing up.The book points out in various ways that the narrator was not like the other kids in the story. He was always associating with adults rather then socializing with kids his own age. The only time that he went out with kids his own age it ended up in a disaster, Irenes boyfriend punched him. This event discouraged him even more from socializing with kids his own age. Several chapters of the book were devoted to the narrator hearing stories from various adults such as Katie, his grandfather and Joe. These are stories that are not just told to anyone and the reader gets a sense that the people telling the narrator the stories see something different in him. They tell him the stories as oppose to some one else for a reason. The narrator enjoys hearing these stories and is very intrigued by them. This indicates that the author always had the potential to be a writer because his interests and thoughts are different from most of the kids his age. All of these different stories of family affairs, hauntings and ghosts had a major effect on the narrator and possible encouraged him to be a writer. The narrator was told all of this secret information and he had to learn at a very young age how to deal with it. For example the story his grandfather told him about Tony Mcllhenny and Eddie and how it related to his mother and Katie. The narrator was now faced with the decision to keep this information to himself, not letting his mother, father or Katie know that he knew. This was very hard on him and really effected the relationships within his family from then on. I think this is probably another reason he began writing. He kept so much information inside for so long and writing was probably a major release for him. In conclusion, all of the people in the narrators childhood, his familys history and the stories he was told all effected him greatly and were a major explanation for him becoming an author. I believe that is the central message in Reading in the Dark. Bibliography:

Ethiopia Culture free essay sample

Introduction As a nation in the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia is among the oldest countries in the world that was founded around 980 B.C. Furthermore, unlike most African countries it was the first to gain independence alongside other powerful nations in the world because of its resistance to being over-powered by the Italians who had occupied a magnitude area of the Ethiopian land and had an interest in colonizing it. At that times, Ethiopia was known as Abyssinia, and its ability to resist the Italian efforts twice had placed it on the books of history that it was never colonized like Liberia or some other countries of African continent. As a landlocked country, its landscape is mostly made up of plateaux and mountains that are almost 13,000 feet. Its plateaux have been separated by the Great Rift Valley resulting in the existence of the Western and Eastern highlands that are mostly wet due to frequent rains alongside the lowlands that are mostly dry and hot. Consequently, most of its citizens reside in the Western Highlands where also the capital of the country is – Addis Ababa.Its climate is mild with temperatures of under 20?c in the Western Highlands and above 30?c in the lowlands. Annually, the country experiences favorable climate from March to October.Population, Culture, and ReligionAccording to the estimates made by the United Nations recorded in the Worldometers (2017), Ethiopia currently has a population of 85 mln individuals. On the contrary, despite its population number, the country is identified as one with a lower life expectancy across the world because the estimated life span of Ethiopian women is 50 years, whereas that of the men is 48. Like most of the African countries, Ethiopia has a diverse culture and ethnicity. Their distinctions in culture practices are influenced mostly by the religious faith and practices of the people in question. A great number of the population are members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, but there are also some people who are Christian Protestants and Roman Catholics. Besides, Islam is one of the major religions practiced in the country. Alongside Christianity and Islam is Judaism which was adapted from the ancient days. Also, Ethiopians practice traditional faiths which are not in line with the main religious practices. The religious practices are very strict in their doctrines up to extended restricting of some meals like pork in both the Islamic and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Moreover, there is no liberty in choosing a sexual orientation, since it is obligatory to practice heterosexuality in the country. Therefore, the practice of homosexuality is unaccepted, since it is considered illegal and evil.While Amharic is the national language, there are many other languages that are spoken by the tribes found in the country.  These are the Oromo people who make up 32% of the population, the Amara, Tigraway, Somalia, Gurage, Sidama, and the Welaita among others. In reference to the 1994 census, as recorded by the Commisceo Global Consultancy Ltd (2017), Ethiopia had close to 84  indigenous languages with English as the most spoken foreign language. In reference to their social systems, Ethiopians value their families which are mostly extended with the paternal parents being a central part of the nuclear families. Furthermore, respect for the elderly is a mandate with various courteous practices even in the greetings. Their traditional dress-code is mostly woven cotton attires that are embroidered with various colorful designs. These traditional clothes are referred to as the Netella, Kemis, and Gabbi with distinct designs for men and women.EconomyAs recorded by the World Bank (2017), Ethiopia is among the most populated countries in the Sub-Saharan parts of Africa. Besides, it is among the poorest nations considering that its economy is a transitive one and mixed with a large public sector. Despite the economic status of the Ethiopian people, it is the African country that produces the most massive amount of coffee (the 5th country in the world by the scale of this industry). The currency used in the country is referred to as the Ethiopian Birr (22.98 ETB = 1 USD). To deal with the issue of poverty and poor economic status of the country, its government is looking into privatizing most of the public sector businesses. Some of the natural resources found in Ethiopia besides land are gold, copper, natural gas, platinum and potash which are found in minimal reserves (National Geographic, 2017).HealthAs affirmed by Aseffa (1993), Ethiopia experiences outbreaks of viral diseases which are the contributors of morbidity among infants in the country. Some of the most prevalent diseases observed in Ethiopia include measles, poliomyelitis, yellow fever, rabies, and rubella. Moreover, there are high infection rate and transmission of such illnesses as Hepatitis E, C, and A, including the transmission of HIV/AIDS which is also on the rise. To handle these diseases, the country needs to invest in an organized and efficient national laboratory for purposes of analyzing the roots which cause these diseases and health conditions of the population while findin g ways to control and prevent the diseases from spreading. Conclusion The diverse ethnicity and cultural practices in Ethiopia are among the great contributors of the uniqueness of the country. Its ability to resist the Italians has ensured that it is considered a powerful nation in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. From its social and economic aspects, Ethiopia is seen as a distinct  country which is impacted by the diversity of its people, languages, religions, and traditions. References A, Aseffa. (1993). Viral Diseases in Ethiopia: A Review. East African Medical Journal, vol 70, no. 10, 2017, 624-626. National Geographic. (2017). Ethiopia Facts. Retrieved May 12, 2017, from National Geographic: http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/ethiopia-facts/The World Banl. (2017, April 17). Ethiopia Economic Overview. Retrieved May 12, 2017, from World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overviewWordometers. (2017, May). World Populations. Retrieved May 12, 2017, from Worldometers: http://www.worldometers.info/

Being Independent free essay sample

Most people like to believe that they are independent-free of a pack, their own person, unswayable by peer pressure. Is this actually true? Some philosophers and sociologists actually believe that there is wisdom in crowds and that many people are guided through life by a sense of wanting to belong. So which is actually true? How many times have you heard the sentence Im an individual, just like everybody else! Or My friends and I are all individuals. We just agree a lot. The fact of the matter is that most people seek out a crowd or a tribe of like minded people to belong to. The sentence Im an individual just like everybody else is just about as popular as the idea that no man is an island. When it comes to independence, many people try to strike a balance. In America, children and adults alike seek out like minded individuals to form alliances with. We will write a custom essay sample on Being Independent or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These friendships and relationships are based on a common philosophy or ideology and while this sameness is the reason for the bond, the individual parties struggle to retain their individual independence. This can often lead to a sociological kind of nomad-ness as people drift from group to group trying to find the best fit for themselves. Politically speaking, independence is what happens when a new nation is formed and declares itself free of the laws and rules of the country that it used to belong to. The United States declared its Independence from England a couple of centuries ago, Bolivia declared its independence form the Ottoman Empire-the list of independence declarations is as long as history itself. Much like individuals, nations that declare their independence immediately try to model their rules and regulations upon other models that they admire. They build themselves up while searching for other nations to form allegiances with-nations that they can trade with, fight with and, ultimately, live with in harmony. Even in a broad sense, the need to belong and forge relationships wins out over complete independence. There is not one nation that does not interact with the rest of the globe in at least a few capacities. The truth of the matter is that political independence is starting to slowly become less important. While each nation wants to retain an individual identity, thanks to things like global trade and the free exchange of ideas, the relationships between nations are getting tighter. Many people call this the shrinking of the world as individual nations give up their independence to be a part of the global community. In conclusion, it looks like true independence isnt true at all. Independence is declared in a number of degrees-a need to retain ones individual sense of self while still belonging to a group. Nobody wants to be left alone completely. Even those who say that they are more comfortable spending time alone still have a few relationships that they rely on. For more information on independence, visit  http://

Virginia Colony in Colonial America

Virginia Colony in Colonial America In 1607,  Jamestown became Great Britains first settlement in North America, the first foothold of the Virginia Colony. Its permanency came after three failed attempts by Sir Walter Raleigh beginning in 1586 to attempt to establish a stronghold in the land he called Virginia after his queen, Elizabeth I. And its continued survival was very much in doubt for the first fifteen years. Fast Facts: Virginia Colony Also Known As: Colony and Dominion of VirginiaNamed After: Queen Elizabeth I (the Virgin Queen), named by Walter RaleighFounding Year: 1606Founding Country: EnglandFirst Known European Settlement: Jamestown, 1607Residential Native Communities: Powhatan, MonacansFounders:  Walter Raleigh, John SmithImportant People: Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, Thomas Dale, Thomas Gates, Pocahontas, Samuel Argall, John RolfeFirst Continental Congressmen: Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Edmund Pendleton, Peyton Randolph, George WashingtonSigners of the Declaration: George Wythe, Richard Herny Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton Early Colonial Life On April 10, 1606, King James I (ruled 1566–1625) issued a charter creating two companies for Virginia, one based in London and one in Plymouth, to settle all of the land between the Passamaquoddy Bay in Maine and the Cape Fear River in North Carolina. Plymouth would get the north half and London the south.   The Londoners left on December 20, 1606, in three ships carrying 100 men and four boys, and they landed in what is today the Chesapeake Bay area. A landing party scouted for a suitable area, and the three ships worked their way up what they called (and is still called) the James River, landing at the site of Jamestown on May 13, 1607. The location of Jamestown was chosen because it would be easily defended since it was surrounded by water on three sides; the water was deep enough for the colonists ships, and Native Americans did not inhabit the land. Unfortunately, there were reasons the Native Americans did not inhabit the land; there was no potable water source, and the marshy landscape emitted great clouds of mosquitoes and flies. Disease, heat, and skirmishes with the Native Americans consumed both colonists and their supplies and by the time the first supply ship arrived in September, only 37 of the original 104 colonists were living. The Starving Time Captain John Smith assumed the colonys leadership in September 1608, and his leadership is credited with improving conditions and stockpiling stores. England continued to send supplies and colonists and in late Spring 1609, after the colony had been reorganized into a joint stock venture, London sent nine ships and 500 colonists. The ship bearing the deputy governor Thomas Gates wrecked off the Bermuda coast. The 400 survivors straggled into Jamestown in the late summer, too sick to work but fully capable of consuming the stockpile of stores. Disease and famine set in, and between October 1609 and March 1610, the colony population dropped from 500 to about 60. The winter became known as The Starving Time, and the colony became known as a deathtrap. During the early period of the colony, Jamestown was primarily a military outpost, populated by men, either gentlemen or indentured servants/ The servants who survived were obligated to work for their passage for a period of seven years. By 1614, those indentures began to expire and those who chose to remain became free laborers. Signs of Recovery Leadership of the colony by Thomas Dale and Thomas Gates kept the colony going between 1610 and 1616, and the colony began to grow strong after John Rolfe began his experiments with tobacco, Nicotiana rustica, to make it more palatable to the English taste.  When a royal family member of the Powhatan tribe named Pocahontas married John Rolfe in 1614, relations with the Native American community eased. That ended when she died in England in 1617. The first enslaved African Americans were brought to the colony in 1619. Jamestown had a high mortality rate due to disease, colonial mismanagement, and raids from Native Americans. The presence of women and family units encouraged some growth and stability, but factionalism and fiscal insolvency continued to plague Virginia. In 1622, a Powhatan attack on Virginia killed 350 settlers, plunging the colony into warfare that lasted a decade. Charter Changes Jamestown was originally founded from a desire to gain wealth and to a lesser extent to convert the natives to Christianity. Jamestown went through several forms of government in its first decades, and by 1624, they used a representative assembly known as the House of Burgesses, the first institutional instance of representative self-government on the North American continent. Threatened by the House of Burgesses, though, James I revoked the charter of the bankrupt Virginia Company in 1624, but his timely death in 1625 ended his plans for disbanding the assembly.  The colonys formal name was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia.   Virginia and the American Revolution Virginia was involved in fighting against what they saw as British tyranny from the end of the French and Indian War. The Virginia General Assembly fought against the Sugar Act which had been passed in 1764. They argued that it was taxation without representation. In addition, Patrick Henry was a Virginian who used his powers of rhetoric to argue against the Stamp Act of 1765 and legislation was passed opposing the act. A Committee of Correspondence was created in Virginia by key figures including Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, and Patrick Henry. This was a method by which the different colonies communicated with each other about the growing anger against the British.   Virginia residents who were sent to the First Continental Congress in 1774 included Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Edmund Pendleton, Peyton Randolph, George Washington. Open resistance started in Virginia the day after Lexington and Concord occurred, on April 20, 1775. Other than the Battle of Great Bridge in December 1775, little fighting happened in Virginia though they sent soldiers to help in the war effort. Virginia was one of the earliest to adopt independence, and its hallowed son, Thomas Jefferson, penned the Declaration of Independence in 1776.   Significance First permanent English settlement in the New World at Jamestown.It provided a source of fertile land and great wealth to England in the form of the cash crop, tobacco.With the House of Burgesses, America saw the first institutional instance of representative self-government. Sources and Further Reading Barbour, Philip L. (ed.) The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter, 1606–1609. London: The Hakluyt Society, 2011.  Billings, Warren M. (ed.). The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1700, revised edition. Durham: The University of North Carolina Press, 2007.  Earle, Carville. Environment, Disease, and Mortality in Early Virginia. Journal of Historical Geography 5.4 (1979): 365–90. Print.Hantman, Jeffrey L. Monacan Millennium: A Collaborative Archaeology and History of a Virginia Indian People. University of Virginia Press, 2018.

Business Finance Theory & Practice- Financial rationale of a strategic Essay

Business Finance Theory & Practice- Financial rationale of a strategic readjustmentFinancial rationale of a strategic readjustment - Essay Example It seeks to achieve this aim through production of quality items, timely response to customer needs and investment on future projects. Henry Williams founded the company in the year 1859 as a small wardrobe clothing company. Despite its small start, the company has expanded its network and business units to various market destinations globally including US. The expansion is resulting to high amount of revenue and asset development. The level of performance can be ascertained from its strong revenue base and asset capacity as contained in its financial statements. For instance, the company recorded a gross profit of 440 million in the year 2014 up from the amount realized in the year 2011 that stood at 690. Likewise, the company reported an encouraging net profit and sales of 75900 and 834 in the year ending 2014 respectively. Its net asset worth was also reported at 485300 in the year 2014 up from 319000 in the year 2011. The growth in the company’s capital base and revenues including assets depicts a good start for the company that operates in the competitive industry. Although the firm is reporting positive figures in its balance sheet, the performance, there is need for the company to improve its balance sheet figures to facilitate its competitiveness in the market. To achieve this there are various financial developments or action plans that the company can adopt. The action plans are essential since they hold the capacity of revolutionizing the revenue entry points through diversification and expand income capacity (Salhanick, Kipnis & Wiele, 1995, p. 67). The probable action plans include adopting product diversification, seeking for strategic partnership, injecting more capital to increase productivity and reaching out to a wider market spectrum. All these action plans forms viable tools that the clothe making company can embrace to ensure that its balance sheet is boosted to higher levels. The action

Napoleon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Napoleon - Essay Example He rose to prominence under French First Republic during which time he led the France through a series of successive victories against the enemies of the French revolution. In 1799, he orchestrated a coup and he made himself the First Consul. In 1804, he made himself the emperor of the French people. Afterwards, he fought a series of complex wars across Europe which were both for and against him2. During these wars, Napoleon was able to make France a military superpower in continental Europe. Napoleon also forged several alliances in Europe that gave France a lot of influence all over continental Europe3. He elevated his friends and family members to become rulers over other European countries. Although napoleon died almost two centuries ago, many scholars are still fascinated by his personality. There are many questions regarding why Napoleon left Corsica and decided to become the emperor of France. There is also the question of his relentless pursuit of power even when he failed. Many people who met Napoleon could not find the right words to describe his character. Germaine de Stael described Napoleon’s character as contradictory. She described him as a person who was neither gentle nor cruel, neither good nor violent. She concludes that such a person could not feel any sympathy. However, there are other scholars who differ with Germaine like Stendhal who described Napoleon as a man who had amazing abilities and a dangerous ambition. Sigmund Freud attributed Napoleon’s aggression to the aggression he harbored against his elder brother Joseph at a younger age. Napoleon was said to be a dreamer when he was in school. It is therefore possible that his desire t o conquer all of Europe was derived from his desire of portraying himself as great leader4. Napoleon gained a reputation as an intelligent and a determined kid at school. This is in contrary to other leaders like Hitler who have

Las Adelitas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Las Adelitas - Essay Example They lives were controlled largely by either their fathers or husbands and other caretaker. The Mexican Revolution which began in the year 1911 and lasted up to 1920 was primarily against the presidency led by the governor of Mexico, Porfirio Diaz, as his rule was marked by violence and corruption while the common man and peasants lost their lands and were left with no means to support themselves. It was during this revolution the women folk also emerged from the confines of their homes and participated in the revolution to fight for their own causes (Jandura; Fernandez). Women shed their traditional image and dependency on men by becoming soldiers during the revolution. The various groups who opposed the rule of Diaz enrolled women in to their army. While some of the women soldiers fought for various reforms such as agrarian in order to provide better relief for the peasants, some others enrolled in the army to support their men or in other cases women entered the revolution in order to avenge the death of their dear ones and to improve their economic status. Women who worked as soldiers supported the men in their daily routine tasks in addition to supporting them in the battlefield. The men were in fact able to perform better with the support from the women as they were able to pursue their military responsibilities without any hindrance. In return for their participation women were rewarded with equality and freedom from attachment to their homes. They also gained economic freedom and were no longer bound by any societal or cultural norms that exi sted prior to the revolution. They also enjoyed their sexual freedom and engaged in sexual relations with men irrespective of their marital status. However, despite their abilities to work on par with men in the battlefield this transformation was not tolerated by men who wanted to remain the stronger force among the two genders. Thus these women soldiers were largely portrayed

Animation in TV Commercials

Animation in TV Commercials The effectiveness of animation in TV commercials Bryant May were the first British company to utilize animation for advertising purposes. In 1899 animator Arthur Melbourne-Cooper was hired to produce a stop-motion short in which matchstick men move along a ladder and paint an appeal on a wall. This appeal read `For one guinea Messrs Bryant May will forward a case containing sufficient to supply a box of matches to each man in a battalion with the name of the sender inside.'(www.bfi.co.uk) It is easy to be cynically dismissive of what is obviously a clever, if extremely crude, ad campaign disguised as a patriotic act of charity during the Boer war. However it is not as easy to be as dismissive of the extent to which animation has been adopted from these humble beginnings as a prevailing force within modern advertising strategy. The 22nd September 1955 gave birth to commercial television broadcasting in the United Kingdom. Right from the outset advertisers where quick to seize upon the opportunity and advertising possibilities that animation put in front of them. During these early years up to a third of television advertising was animated such as the â€Å"Murray Mints, the too-good-to-hurry mints,† or Snap, Crackle an Pop,† for Kellogg’s Rice Krispies which both debut in 1955. The Kellogg ads brought to life hand drawn characters that had been used on the packaging of cereal boxes since 1928 and the campaign still runs to this day. The Murray Mints commercial, which featured soldiers in bearskin hats march in time to a jingle, won best ad of the year in the inaugural year of British television advertising. (Robinson, 2000, p35) J Walter Thompson who had handled the Guinness account since 1929 set about bringing to life; through the process of animation, the extremely popular Gilroy post ers that had become an institution and started a ‘Guinness culture.’ If advertisers were keen to use animators in their campaigns then animators where certainly keen to encourage receive the work. The two industries formed a symbiosis which was characterised by the overnight emergence of a whole new market in the advertising industry meant that there were a lot of new opportunities for young animators to set up new companies with the minimum of capital and experiment with new techniques. Companies such as biographic which was set up by Bob Godfrey who produced ads for various companies such as Shipams fish paste and Nestle. (Threadgould, 2005) The use of animation in commercials certainly proved popular with advertisers, and with home viewers but it was the â€Å"Homepride flour men† who proved that it could also be an effective tool. The â€Å"Homepride flour men† ad debut in 1965. The ad featured two men in black business suits and bowler hats standing in between two packets of flour. A sieve is placed over the head of one of the men and flour poured into it. The processes is repeated with Homepride flour which sieves much quicker as it is graded and the second man is instantly covered in flour turning his black suit white. The reason is explained by the man in the hat; voiced by Dads Army star John Le Mesurier; and his words produced the slogan ‘GRADED GRAINS MAKE FINER FLOURS.’ The campaign succeeded in making Homepride a market leader within four months. These characters became so popular that a leader (Fred) was named by the advertising brains to give a name to the uniform faces. Merchandise such as aprons, peppermills, fridge magnets and various other kitchenalias were produced as ‘collectors’ items. Fred’s image spurned a whole range of sub products for the company and it is still used to sell a variety of Homepride products today. To keep up with changing times made retain a sense of tradition; various comedians such as Richard Briers and Paul Merton have voiced Fred, he is today voiced by Nick Frost from Spaced. Homepride have managed to infuse their brand identity with that of Fred, their iconic mascot. They have used his effigy on other products such as sauces and kitchen utensils to place the home pride brand firmly into people’s kitchens. However the runaway success of a particular ad campaign does not guarantee an increase of sales of the product it is supposed to promote. Creature Comforts began life as a short film. It was an incredibly engaging short due to the interaction between fantasy and reality with which it presented the viewer. In his book Understanding Animation Paul Wells describes the relationship between the diegetic narrative and the characters surroundings as fabrication and suggest that it is a narrative strategy. This is to say that ‘fabrication essentially plays out an alternative version of material existence, recalling narrative out of constructed objects and environments, natural forms and substances, and the taken for granted constituent elements of the everyday world.’(Wells, 1998 p90)   This means that there is a relationship between the abstract expression of character through the model and the ‘constituent elements of the everyday world,’ which lends itself more towards mimesis. Despite the fact that animation is an abstract form of expression, these ads have a ‘documentary feel’ that lends a voice of authority to their claims.   Nick Parks Creature Comforts and the electricity adverts that followed it present a world in which highly stylised models of animals are animated with the voices of members of the British public. The opinions and the voices of the public and then perfectly matched to appropriate animals. The most memorable example being Frank the jogging tortoise. Frank chats to a locked off camera about how nice it is to come back from a ten mile run into a warm flat, and how it is important that the boiler is easily â€Å"turn off and onable.† The world being presented to the consumer is instantly recognizable; frank is discussing the simple pleasures of modern life. He is an everyman despite the fact that he is a talking animal. The affinity between model animation and the physical world in which it is filmed means that it is to a certain extent confined by the physical laws of our world in order to remain recognizable and believable. Of course these laws can are being flouted, model characters can talk and discuss everyday matters like members of the general public, but the relationship between the animated models and the world they inhabit means that when physical law is flouted a sense of the uncanny or the fantastic is achieved. This is why the shorts or so engaging but it is also why they failed as ads. Despite the fact that the campaign reached number 4 in a 2000 poll of ‘The 100 greatest TV ads,† the common misconception is that the ads were selling gas. As Nick Park himself explains it, â€Å"People still refer to them as ‘the gas adverts.’† (Robinson, 2000, p124) Although the ads were highly memorable they failed to link the commercial and the product. Successful animalised advertising campaigns are based entirely on the same principles as successful live action campaigns. â€Å"Advertising’s central function is to create desires that did not previously exist.† (Dyer, 1982 p6) A miss-judged campaign such as the creature comforts campaign may not be deemed successful if it does not stimulate within the consumer a desire to consume a given product. Where as the Kellogg animated mascots for frosties, rice krispies and coco-pops have succeeded in becoming intrinsically infused with the products that they are selling. One of the main advantages of using animation in advertising is the ability of animators to create environments and worlds that could not be accessed or reproduced by a live action camera crew. These artificial environments can be used to stimulate imagination and desire, to create a fantastical world of possibility, which can then be realised by the purchase of a given product. Coco-pops are advertised by a variety of jungle characters that inhabit a fantastical world of imagination and fun that is extremely appealing to young children. Also when advertising medical products such as toothpaste, animated medical presentations can be employed. These usually take the form of a split screen with the advertised product on one side of the screen and a leading competitor on the other. The animation will then demonstrate just how the product works and is more effective than a rival brand. Another appeal of animation to the ad man is the classlessness of the form. (Threadgould, 2005) characters such as the Homepride’s Fred and the Fairy liquid baby are free from the class constraints of traditional British society. They bridge the class gap and appeal to proletariat and privileged alike. Animation can also be a relatively inexpensive process. Pioneers such as Peter Sachs of Larkin studios and Bob Godfrey of biographic, found quicker cheaper animation methods than the traditional fluid aesthetic style of Disney. They employed jagged and rough stylings that borrowed from German expressionism. The theory being, to use limited animation to maximum effect.   (Threadgould, 2005) By emphasising certain details advertisers can allude to certain qualities that can be associated with the product. For example the Michelin Man’s rounded tyre body alludes to the strength and durability of the tyres but also their malleability. The problem facing animating advertisers is a problem, which faces animators in general. The immediately obvious thing about animation is that it is an overtly fake diegetic form; that is unlike live action, which is often concerned with replicating the real world to achieve mimesis; the artificial process of creating narrative form is emphasized by the fact that the viewer is witnessing inanimate drawings brought to life through motion. The difficulty here is that advertising is the process of creating desire within the consumer; it suggests that there is a more desirable reality available to its audience through the consumption of a product. Successful animated adverts must therefore reconcile the fact that they are presenting to the consumer a fiction by alluding to an underlying truth. This is not necessarily problematic; Aesops fables were moral tales that spoke of ethical truths through anthropomorphic parable. Stories like the lion and the mouse or the wolf in sheep’s clothing took well-known anthropomorphic traits of certain animals and moulded them into cautionary tales about how one should live their life. In the same way animation selects certain details to present to the viewer to create abstract meaning that a consumer can readily identify with. The concept of the Jolly Green Giant for example is ludicrous; none of sound mind would actually believe that a giant green man lives in cornfields overseeing the quality of the corn. However symbolically he is representative of the qualities that the company wish to associate with there corn. He is a symbol of strength and power that come from nature. The corn he promotes is healthy strong and wholesome and this health can be acquired by those who consume it. He is jolly and friendly, a gentle giant who cultivates top quality product with a deft touch. We is also bright green the colour of nature, a symbol of health and vitality, the essence of life itself. Through these associations meaning is abstracted rather than dictated. It is the art of gentle persuasion as opposed to ‘the hard sell.’ Many people have preconceived ideas about animation as a whimsical medium suitable only for humour and children’s entertainment; however there are many examples of animation as serious political statement. Halas and Batchelor produced Animal Farm in 1954 as an adaptation of George Orwell’s novel. Scholars have often studied it as an allegory about the rise of Stalinism and the threat of communism, but it is no know that American backer Louis DeReochemount was a front man for the American CIA and the film was purposely used as anti Russian propaganda.   Like any other medium with an understanding of its aesthetic qualities can be used seriously and to devastating effect. A recent charity advertisement on behalf on the NSPCC depicted an animated child being sadistically and habitually beaten by his father. The ad showed the child being burnt with cigarettes, thrown down stairs and chocked. Humorous sound effects and cartoon clichà ©s along the same style of Tom and Jerry where used. This was a visual and aural aesthetic that the viewers were used to associating with harmless and enjoyable children’s cartoons. However the tension in play between the diegetic aesthetic of the animated child and the mimetic aesthetic of the father and the background environment served to unease, and unsettle to the point of disturbing the viewer. The viewer was left to imagine the results of such violence on a real child and the commercial’s effectiveness at highlighting the concerns of the NSPCC was undeniable. So why has animation become an effective tool in animation? The answer to this question lies within the concept of brand and brand identity. If the aim of the advertiser is to communicate the identity of a given brand as quickly and as succinctly as possible, then animation is an ideal medium.   In his book ‘Ad worlds: Brand, media, and audiences.’ Greg Myers defines branding as â€Å"the attachment of meanings to a labelled product.† (Myers, 1998, p33) That is to say that semiotic associations are associated with a given brand through the way it is produced, placed, promoted and priced. For example Guinness is a uniquely produced stout that is ubiquitously placed in almost every pub of the nation. It has a history of promoting itself through humour as a traditional drink to unwind and relax with and it is priced at a slight premium to give it a hint of exclusivity. Wally Olins suggests that a modern world that has become saturated with advertising, branding has become an essential tool in order for the consumer to quickly decipher to advertisers message before they are distracted by a competitor. In the words of Olins; â€Å"Why are brands such a clear and unique manifestation of our time? Simply because in a world that is bewildering in terms of competitive clamour, in which rational choice has become almost extinct, brands represent clarity, reassurance, consistency, status, membership –b everything that enables human beings to define themselves. Brands represent identify.† (Olins, 2003, p27) Getting consumers to empathise with a brand identity, and to desire to become a part of that identity can be extenuated through the use of a brand character. From Tony the Tiger to Joe Camel and the re-imagination of the milky bar kid to animated form, drawn and animated characters have been used to sell everything from children’s toys to cigarettes. These characters become intrinsically linked to the qualities of the product that they are selling. So what is it about the process of creating an animated character that is so effective in advertising?   In his book ‘Understanding Animation;’ Paul Wells sums up the basic principles of characterization as a narrative strategy in animation as; â€Å"the character may be understood through its costume or construction, it’s ability to gesture or move and the associative aspects of its design.† (Wells, 1998, p105) Regardless of if an animated character is an animal or human, animators rarely try to completely reproduce natural form. As such the problem is that they are presenting viewers with unnatural looking beings. If the viewer is to accept the characters shown before them, the characters themselves must be presented as believable.   This is why animators rely on exaggeration of individual features to suggest certain character types. Halas and Manvell describe this in their book ‘the technique of film Animation. †Characterization is achieved by the distortion of shapes and forms – big eyes, big mouth, big nose, large head small body etc.† (Halas and Manvell, 1968, p65) What the animators are stressing are the gesturing parts of the body, particularly the features of the head. The eyes, nose, mouth and ears are all vital in creating the illusion of human emotion. Anthropomorphic qualities in animals such as the strength of Tony the Tiger can be used promote a prod uct as healthy or enabling strength. There is a general rule of thumb with regards to which shapes go with what characters: kind gentle characters tend to have soft rounded faces with wide smiles and large rounded eyes. The Pillsbury Dough Boy is a great example of this principle. He is the embodiment of the jolly fat man. Generalizations such as this one serve as visual shorthand for the viewer; they optimise the impact of the character through economy and allow the viewer to make semiotic connections and process narrative information about the characters more quickly. In the words of Wells, animation â€Å"manages to compress a high degree of narrative information into a limited period of time through a process of condensation.†(Wells, 1998, p76) This method of economy and condensation in animation characterisation was born out of functionality as much as anything. Partially it was due to the fact that advertisements are extremely short. As such narrative information has to be delivered with great speed. In the medium of the television commercial, advertisers have anywhere between ten and thirty seconds in order to convey their message. As such the visual shorthand that animation design employs is perfect for the fast and accurate communication of the advertisers message.  Ã‚   With television being the dominant domain of the animated short, characters have to be easily recognizable on a small screen. It’s much easier to do this by recognizing one or two strong individual characteristics than several small ones. Most importantly however the simpler that a character is to draw, the quicker they become to reproduce.They rely on caricature and stereotype to relay narrative information quickly and succinctly. The Homepride flour men discussed earlier in this essay are a great example of how an understanding of characterisation in animation can give rise to a successful marketing campaign. They had a simple uniform design that was all at once, striking, memorable, unique and simple. The business suits and bowler hats stood for a business like British attitude, that at the same time was overly extravagant for selling flour and as such was self mocking. The characters were taken to the heart of the nation. With the effigy of Fred on all sorts of kitchen utensils his rightful place became the kitchens of British homesteads, and as such so did the Homepride brand. The twin process of animated character development and product branding both strive towards condensing as much narrative information into the least amount of detail possible and the shortest amount of time available.   Animation is an intrinsically imaginative medium. The human mind goes through a thought process of abstracting meaning from an animated diegetic aesthetic. It inspires thought in the way that advertisers wish to inspire thoughts of desire. It can be a pleasing experience in the example of Homepride’s Fred commercials, or it can be disturbing in such a way that the NSPCC have employed, either way the reaction provoked is one of individual thought and identification which in turn promotes the consumer to consume. Bibliography Bordwell and Thompson. (2001) Film Art: An Introduction, New York: McGraw Hill. Canemaker, J. (ed.) (1988) Storytelling in Animation: The Art of the Animated Image Vol. 2, Los Angeles: AFI. Dyer, Gillian. Advertising as Communication. London, Routledge, 1982. Griffin, H. (2001) The Animators guide to 2D Computer Animation, Oxford: Focal Press, Halas, J and Manvell, R. (1968) The Technique of Film Animation, Norwich: Focal press Limited. Kline, S. (1993) Out Of The Garden: Toys, TV and Children’s Culture in the age of Marketing, London: Verso. Myers, Greg. Ad Worlds: Brands, Media, Audiences, Arnold, 1998. Ollins, Wally. On Brand, Thames Hudson, London, 2003. Robinson, M. (2000) 100 Greatest TV Ads, London: Harper Collins. Wells, P. (1998) Understanding Animation, New York: Routledge. Williams, R. (2001) The Animators Survival Kit, New York: Faber and Faber. Websites(All accessed 27/11/05) www.bcdb.comwww.bfi.co.ukhttp://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,9071-1560670,00.htmlwww.kellogs.com Filmography Animation Nation: The art of persuasion (Dir Merryn Threadgould, 2005, UK)Four Mations: Electric Passions (Dir Paul Madden, 1996, UK)100 Greates TV Ads (Dir Mark Robinson, 2000,   UK)

Job Analysis Essay -- essays research papers fc

What is job analysis and why is it done? Organizations are growing in size each and every day, which in turn creates a high demand for employees. This outcome, however, needs a systematic approach to determine the right employee for the right position. The process has become so large that organizations need specialized help from Human Resource Management (HRM) departments to ensure that the requirements of the position are met. Therefore, the HRM department provides the function of job analysis in order to select the right individual for the position. â€Å"Job analysis is a complex and vital part of every HRM program, as well as an important systematic process used within an organization to determine future members of the workforce.† Job analysis contributes to many important Human Resource Management functions as it identifies and analyzes the relation between the job and what is required. According to the â€Å"Job Analysis: Overview,† Job analysis is a process used to identify and determine in detail the particular job duties, requirements, and the relative importance of these duties for a given position or a particular job. A job analysis defines the work, activities, tasks, objectives, products, services, or processes required to perform a particular job. It collects details about work activities, human behaviors, machine, tools, equipment and work aids, performance standards, job context, and human requirements. These in turn help to identify the knowledges, skills and abili...

Lincoln vs. Davis Essay

Davis vs. Lincoln The management styles of Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln greatly influenced the outcome of the Civil War. Lincoln’s primary goal was to preserve the union, and in order to do this, he made certain decisions that were un-constitutional. These decisions ultimately strengthened his role as the president as the war progressed. He even stated in his address that if necessary, he would do whatever it takes to win. Jefferson, in contrast, demonstrated a very loose ruling over the people of the confederacy.He was honest and followed the law without breaking rules. He allowed the war to be controlled by the military leaders who were participants in the battle, and he gave his generals trust and authority. The result of Daviis’s leadership style was an executive branch weaker than Lincoln’s. It is debatable that because of Lincoln’s reckless, un-lawful decisions, the Union was able to win the war against the South. According to document A, Linc oln had a â€Å"blatant disregard for the Constitution. Throughout the war, Abraham Lincoln increased the Army, spent money without approval and made un-justified arrests. During his presidency he also held opposing political enemies in jail without trial so he could potentially gain more votes. â€Å"As he delivered the Gettysburg Address, his troops guarded the polls at a state election in Delaware, insuring a Republican Victory† (Document A). It is interesting to think how Lincoln is typically portrayed as â€Å"Honest Abe† and â€Å"The Great Emancipator† since he was none of these things.Jefferson Davis was the honest, law abiding president that most people believe Lincoln to be. He was a very intelligent, great public speaker known for integrity. Unlike Lincoln, Davis became slightly less popular because he refused to remove un-successful officers. His support of state sovereignty was based on deep conviction. (Document A) Davis was a very ineffective mic romanager. While the battles raged on, Davis trusted his Generals to lead the war and make the decisions. Davis on the other hand had a calm, relaxed leadership style and welcomed the input of others.He was known to change strategies and even allowed the generals to change strategies that he had strongly opposed. Davis was able to forgive his opponents and listen to their concerns. He would consider the opinions of others and would revise his actions according to information from generals, his cabinet, or the people. One of the factors contributing to the outcome of the war due to leadership styles was that Lincoln micromanaged his generals and acted as the authority, while Davis allowed the generals freedom with decisions and battle strategies.Lincoln would go to any lengths to pursue his goals of preserving the Union and â€Å"ordered thousands of arrest, kept political enemies in prison without bringing charges against them, refused these hapless men right to trial by their peer s, and ignored orders from the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court to release them†. (Document A) Lincoln was goal oriented and focused on his plan and was not receptive to input from authorities or the people. Lincoln’s act of silencing his opponents led to fear in the public and ultimately to Lincoln getting his way.Because of Lincoln’s strong dedication to win the war, his strategy was much more powerful than Davis’s. Davis ran on a trial and error style of fighting, while Lincoln would not accept failure. Because of his persistence and record of winning battles, Lincoln had a strategic advantage over the Confederacy. Perhaps if Davis had a taken more responsibility and aggressiveness toward the Union, the outcome would have been different. However, because of the completely different leadership styles, the Union achieved victory over the Confederate army.

Exosomes in Breast Cancer Essays

Exosomes in Breast Cancer Essays Exosomes in Breast Cancer Essay Exosomes in Breast Cancer Essay History of exosomes find The bringing of lading between intracellular compartments within cells by agencies of cysts has been surveies for many old ages. However, the acknowledgment that extracellular release of assorted types of cysts has complex biological results in multiple systems, including pathological conditions such as malignant neoplastic disease, has merely become apparent in recent old ages. Amongst several types of secreted cysts, exosomes were first described in 1981 as microvesicles incorporating 5-nucleotidase activity that were secreted from neoplastic cell lines ( Trams, et al. , 1981 ) . A few old ages subsequently, the secernment of cysts of endocytic beginning by civilized reticulocytes was reported. At the clip, some writers believed late endosomes were transitional comdepartments and their content was non thought to be recycled back to the plasma membrane, but destined for debasement in lysosomes. Consequently, these consequences were controversial, and were considered to be basically membranes shed by deceasing cells in civilization. In 1989, nevertheless, surveies observed the merger between late endosomes and the plasma membrane in cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( Peters et al. , 1989 ) , which proved that late endosomes were non merely transitional sections. The maps of exosomes were non widely studied until 1996, when surveies by Raposo and co-workers described exosomes bearing functional MHC category II molecules secreted by B lymph cells, triping renewed involvement in the survey of these cysts ( Raposo, et al. , 1996 ) . At present, exosomes have been demonstrated to show in a figure of organic structure fluids, such as piss ( Pisitkun et al. , 2004 ) , breast milk ( Admyre et al. , 2007 ) , blood plasma ( Caby et al. , 2005 ) , bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( Admyre et al. , 2003 ) , amnionic fluid ( Keller et al, 2007 ) and malignant gushs ( Andre et al. , 2002 ) , bespeaking their importance in vivo.This study will concentrate on exosomes, which should non be confused with other secreted membrane cysts such as microvesicles, thatmicrovesicles, that have distinguishable structural and biochemical belongingss. Biology and composing of Exosomes Exosomes are characterised as membrane cysts with a size scope of 50-100nm. They are from endosomal beginning and are secreted by most cell types, such as hematopoietic, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial ( Van Niel et al. , 2001 ) , reticulocytes ( Johnstone et al. , 1987 ) and many tumor cells.Exosomes are limited by a lipid bilayer and can be formed through inward budding of endosomal membranes, giving rise to intracellular multivesicular organic structures ( MVB ) that subsequently fuse with the plasma membrane, let go ofing the exosomes to the extracellular environment. They can besides be formed by direct outward budding from the plasma membrane.The transportation of constituents between different compartments in a cell involves bearer cysts that bud from one compartment and so merger with another compartment after going in the cytol. These classical lading cysts display their cytoplasmatic side of the compartment they form from on their outer surface and stay intracellul ar. In contrast membrane cysts that are secreted into the extracellular environment display the extracellular side of the membrane they form from at their outer surface, so in consequence they could be considered as a illumination version of a cell.The molecular composing of exosomes depends on the types of cells they derived from. 1 is a conventional representation of a canonical exosomes. The proteins listed are found in at least 30 % of different exosomes, and proteins besides marked with an star are present in at least 50 % of exosomes.The cytosolic Rab protein that promote exosomes docking and membrane merger are present on exosomes. Annexin I, II, V and VI, may play a function in modulating membrane cytoskeleton kineticss and membrane merger events. Some adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1, CD146, CD9, MFG-E8, CD11a, are besides present on exosomes. Proteins that are involved in programmed cell death are present on exosomes such as Alix and galectin 3. Heat daze proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90 are besides present, they are up-regulated under emphasis state of affairss and aid with protein folding and protect cells from emphasis. Exosomes besides contain tetraspanins including CD9, CD63, CD81 and CD82. Some proteins are cell-type specific ; MHC category I molecules are present in exosomes from most cell types, while CD86 and MHC category II molecules are merely present in exosomes that are derived from antigen-presenting cells ( APCs ) . Similar to proteins, lipid composing on exosomes besides varies. The typical lipid composing of exosomes derived from mast cells includes lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and cholesterin, etc ( Schorey et al. , 2007 ) . Isolation of exosomes Exosomes can be isolated based on their size, denseness and biochemical belongingss. The most widely used method of sublimating exosomes from cell civilization supernatant uses a series of centrifugations to take dead cells and cell dusts ( normally 1000 x g, so 10,000 x g ) , followed by a concluding high velocity ultracentrifugation ( 100,000 x g ) to pellet the exosomes ( Thery et al. , 2002 ) . A filtration procedure ( 0.2 millimeter ) can besides take cells and dust. This procedure does non know apart between exosomes and other little cysts though, as a effect, exosomes must be identified utilizing other extra standards. Furthermore, exosomes have a specific denseness ( ranges from 1.13 gml-1 to 1.19 gml-1 ) and can be purified by floatation into a sucrose denseness gradient or by sucrosedeuterium oxide shock absorbers ( Thery et al. , 2006 ) .Another purification method is based on the size and utilizes chromatography ( Taylor et al. , 2006 ) . In add-on, exosomes can be isolat ed based on their membrane belongingss. Beads coated with an antibody against a protein known to be expressed on the exosome membrane can be added to the supernatant after cell depletion, for illustration anti-MHC category II magnetic Dynabeads were used in Clayton and co-workers survey ( Clayton et al. , 2001 ) . One disadvantage of this isolation method is that all the exosomes will merely be selected if they all contain the protein used for the isolation, otherwise, merely a proportion of the exosomes will be selected. A Good Fabrication Practice ( GMP ) approved method has been established for the isolation of exosomes used for clinical applications, which is based on extremist filtration and diafiltration followed by centrifugation on sucrose shock absorbers, ensuing in a extremely purified and unfertile exosome pellet ( Lamparski et al. , 2002 ) . This method is best suited for when large-scale exosomes isolations are needed and requires specialized equipment. There is a turn ing demand for a fast, efficient and dependable method that yields extremely purified exosomes suited for both research and clinical intents. Exosomes can do immune-activating responses in vitro Exosomes secreted from antigen-presenting cells contain a scope of immunostimulatory molecules that activate T cells, which suggest that they may hold an of import function in extension of immune responses.Exosomes derived from bacterially infected macrophages carry bacterial coat constituents and utilize these to excite a proinflammatory response in naif macrophages ( ONeil et al. , 2008 ) . It was demonstrated by Giri et Al that exosomes isolated from M. bovis and M. TB infected macrophages besides lead to activation and ripening of dendritic cells that derived from mouse bone marrow. Furthermore, intranasal disposal of mice with exosomes isolated from M. bovis BCG infected macrophages stimulated the coevals of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This indicated that the exosomes from infected macrophages might be a possible vaccinum campaigner for TB ( Giri et al. , 2008 ) .Human dendritic cell-derived exosomes ( Dex ) express NKG2D ligands ( activatory signals for Natural Killer cells ) such as MHC category I polypeptide-related sequence A ( MICA ) and MICB on their surface that bind to NKG2D that are present on NK cells and lead to NK cell activation ( Viaud et al. , 2009 ) . IL-2 and trans-presentation of IL-15 and IL-15 receptor a concatenation ( IL-15Ra ) is required for NK cell endurance, homeostasis and proliferation. The ability of Dex to advance NK cell proliferation was due to the coincident presence of IL-15Ra on these exosomes, which could adhere to exogenic IL-15 and let IFNg secernment by NK cells therefore stimulate NK cell proliferation.Dex express high degrees of functional MHC class-I and class-II peptide composites together with CD86 molecules and it has been suggested that Dex may replace for DCs to arouse MHC-class-I and class-II restricted T-cell responses and tumour rejection.Tumour-derived exosomes can besides hold immune-activating belongingss. This chiefly happens when the tumor cells are under stress conditions. The stress-inducible HSP 7 0 household is considered to work as an endogenous danger signal that can increase the immunogenicity of tumors and bring on cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( CTL ) responses. They are a cardinal portion of the cell s mechanism for protein folding, and they help to protect cells from emphasis.It was demonstrated that stimulation of 4T1 chest glandular cancer cells and K562 erythroleukemic cells with IFN-g leads to cellular emphasis response, which so triggers enhanced look of entire Hsp72 ( HSP70 household ; 72 kDa ) look without increasing cell programmed cell death significantly. It was revealed that Hsp72 is released within exosomes and has the ability to up-regulate CD83 look and excite IL-12 ( a T cell exciting factor ) release by naif dendritic cells ( Bausero et al. , 2005 ) .Under emphasis conditions, NKG2D ligands are up-regulated on tumour exosomes. Hsp70 besides activates mouse NK cells that recognize stress-inducible NKG2D ligands on tumor cells. In the SCID mice with Hsp70-over expressing tumors, NK cells were activated so that they killed ex vivo tumor cells that expressed NKG2D ligands ( Elsner et al. , 2007 ) Exosomes can besides hold immunosuppressive belongingss in vitro Immune equivocation by tumor cells is a good established mechanism wherein tumours avoid sensing and riddance by the host immune system. Tumour-derived membrane cysts have been reported to hold immunosuppressive maps for over 20 old ages ( Poutsiaka et al. , 1985 ) .Fas ligand ( besides known as CD95 ligand ) is a type II transmembrane protein of the Tumour Necrosis factor ( TNF ) household. When FAS ligand binds with its receptors, programmed cell death will be induced. Exosomes derived from tumor cell lines bear Fas ligand that can bring on T cell programmed cell death taking to suppression of T-cell responses in vitro. Addition of anti-FasL antibody blocked exosome-induced programmed cell death ( Abusamra et al. , 2005 ) .In malignant neoplastic disease patients, the loss of NKG2D, an energizing receptor for NK cells, CD8+ and NKT cells, is a critical mechanism of malignant neoplastic disease immune equivocation. NKG2D down-modulation is due to direct exosomal bringing of membrane -bound transmembrane growing factor b1 ( TGFb1 ) to CD8+ T cell or NK cell subsets ( Clayton et al. , 2008 ) . Down-regulation of NKG2D is partially due to the presence of the expressed NKG2D ligand MICA. Clayton and co-workers demonstrated that other possible NKG2D ligand such as MICB may be present on the surface of tumour-derived exosomes, and may lend to the down-regulation of NKG2D. On the other manus, some experiments added combinations of other NKG2D-ligand specific Abs did non accomplish a convincingly enhanced inhibitory consequence, but this may be consequence of the hapless barricading features of the Abs. In comparing, adding a TGFb1-blocking Ab about wholly abrogated the decrease in surface NKG2D. These informations suggest that down-regulation of NKG2D is chiefly due to the presence of TGFb1 and partially due to the presence of NKG2D ligands, but how exactly TGFb1 and NKG2D ligands cooperate requires elucidation.Interleukin 2 ( IL-2 ) is an of import cytokine which non merely supports enlargement and distinction of cytotoxic T cells and Natural Killer ( NK ) cells, but besides supports regulative T cells ( Treg cells ) and their suppressive maps ( Clayton et al. , 2007 ) . Tumour exosomes inhibit IL-2 induced T cell proliferation by advancing the map of Treg cells.It has besides been reported that tumour exosomes-mediated initiation of IL-6 plays a function in barricading bone marrow DC distinction. The degrees of IL-6 and phosphorylated Stat3 were elevated 12 hours after the tumor exosomes stimulation of murine myeloid precursors, and tumour exosomes were less efficient in suppressing distinction of bone marrow cells isolated from IL-6 smasher mice. It was suggested that bone marrow DC precursors capture tumour exosomes and later bring on the production of IL-6 and other cytokines, taking to the activation of Stat3. As a consequence, distinction of bone marrow precursors into immature DC is blocked ( Yu et al. , 2007 )Immune cell-derived cysts c an besides hold immunosppressive belongingss. Activated T cells secrete exosomes bearing FasL, which induces programmed cell death of bystander T cells, thereby take parting in activation-induced cell decease ( AICD ) . Ectosomes derived from neutrophils and erythrocytes inhibit the secernment of IL-8 and TNF by macrophages and the ripening of DCs ( Thery et al. , 2009 ) .Vesicles purified from some organic structure fluids can besides hold immunosuppressive activities. Exosomes from human chest milk in vitro inhibit T cell activation and increase the figure of Treg cells ( Admyre et al. , 2007 ) . It was suggested that exosomes present in chest milk may hold a function in the immune tolerance of the baby and may besides protect the baby from allergic reaction development.MIC molecules are reported to be constitutively transcribed in human placenta throughout normal gestation and soluble MIC molecules are released from in vitro cultured placenta explants.Elevated degrees of soluble MIC molecules are present in gestation sera and are able to down-regulate the NKG2D receptor and impair the cytotoxic map of peripheral blood mononucleate cells from healthy givers. Take together, these consequences suggest a fresh mechanism for immune equivocation of the fetal homograft through foetal MIC and maternal NKG2D interactions ( Mincheva-Nilsson et al. , 2006 ) . A more recent survey by the same group showed that the 2nd household of human NKG2D ligands, the UL-16 binding proteins ( ULBP ) , is besides expressed by placenta. Isolated placenta exosomes carried ULBP1-5 and MIC on their surface and induced down-regulation of the NKG2D receptor on NK, CD8+ , and gd T cells, taking to decrease of their in vitro cytotoxicity without impacting the perforin-mediated lytic tract ( Hedlund et al. , 2009 ) Antigen presentation by Exosomes Exosomes can show antigens straight or indirectly. Secreted membrane cysts carry both antigenic stuff and peptide-MHC composites. Exosomes can besides reassign antigens from tumour cells to DCs and maps in antigen cross-presentation. Exosomes purified from cultured tumor cell lines contain tumour antigens and can bring on the activation of antigen-specific T cells in vitro in the presence of recipient dendritic cells, which have otherwise non encountered the antigen.Secreted cysts display preformed peptide-MHC composites on their surface that can sometimes be straight presented to T cells. Exosomes and microvesicles derived from most cell types bear MHC category I molecules that could potentially bring on CD8+ T cell activation ( Thery et al, 2009 ) . It was reported that Dendritic cells ( DC ) derived exosomes could straight bring on the activation of CD8+ T cell in an antigen-specific mode ( Admyre et al, 2006 )Antigen showing cell ( APC ) derived exosomes express big sums of MHC c ategory II molecules. These exosomes can straight trip blood relation T cell ringers or pre-activated CD4+ T cells, but they need to reassign antigen and MHC molecules to dendritic cells, which will so trip naif CD4+ T cells ( Thery et al, 2009 ) . Shuttle for RNA A more recent progress in the field of exosome survey has been the find that these cysts can besides incorporate, and deliver, species of RNA molecules that can be active in cells that take up the exosomes. A survey by Skog et Al. showed that Glioblastoma-derived exosomes are enriched in messenger RNA and miRNA. They showed that messenger RNA could be delivered into receiver normal cells and bring forth a functional protein. It was besides shown that spongioblastoma microvesicles seem to excite proliferation of a glioma cell line ( Skog et al, 2008 ) . Valadi et Al. showed similar consequence, with a presentation that the messenger RNA nowadays in exosomes was active and functional ( Valadi et al. , 2007 ) . Their designation of RNA being present in exosomes supports the hypothesis that exosomes may be a bringing vehicle by which one cell communicates with another, really presenting RNA and, in bend, modulating recipient-cell protein production. Transportation of infective agent HIV atoms utilize multivesicular compartments that are enriched in MHC II and CD63 as the major site for accretion in human macrophages. And the virus released has proteins normally found on exosomes. These findings formed the background for the Trojan virus hypothesis , which suggested that viruses such as HIV could commandeer and conceal in exosomes secreted from an infected cell, and because the retroviruses are released in the signifier of exosomes, they could so get away the host defence. It has been demonstrated that the cellular prion protein ( PrPc ) and the transformed infective PrPscrapie ( PrPsc ) are found in exosomes secreted into the civilization medium and exosomes that express PrPsc were infective, bespeaking the function of exosomes in the spread of prions ( Fevrier et al. , 2005 ) The map of membrane secreted vesicles/exosomes in vivo The function of exosomes secreted in vivo is still in argument and demands to be to the full determined. Exosomes isolated from gestations later presenting at term expressed significantly higher degrees of biologically active constituents, including Fas ligand and HLA-DR, than those from gestations presenting preterm. A survey by Taylor et al indicated that exosomes with T-cell inhibiting activity are increased in pregnant adult females who deliver at full term comparison to adult females who deliver pre-term ( Taylor et al. , 2006 ) . Use of exosomes as possible immunotherapy vaccinum. Tumour cell-derived exosomes incorporating tumor antigens plus MHC category I molecules can reassign tumour antigens to DCs to bring on a CD8+ T cell dependent antitumour immune response. Exosomes released from DCs pulsed with tumor antigens were besides shown to arouse strong anti-tumour responses. One survey compared exosomes derived from tumor cells and exosomes derived dendritic cells in facet of the stimulatory efficiency of the antitumor immune responses induced by these two normally used exosome vaccinum. Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes Stimulate Stronger CD8+ CTL responses and antitumor unsusceptibility than tumour cell-derived exosomes ( Hao et al. , 2006 ) .Inoculation of CBA/J mice with exosomes secreted by SRDCs pulsed in vitro with Toxoplasma gondii-derived antigens ( TAg ) before gestation induced a protective response in the progeny. In fact, inoculation resulted in the presence of significantly fewer cysts in offspring encephalons ( Beauvillain et al. , 2009 ) . Clinical tests Two stage I clinical tests have been carried out on patients with advanced phase melanomas or non-small cell lung carcinomas showing melanoma-associated antigen ( MAGE ) . These tests required the constitution of good fabrication processs ( GMPs ) to obtain clinical-grade exosomes from patients DC loaded with tumour antigen derived peptides. These surveies proved that it is executable and safe to give exosomes to human topics and the exosomes are efficient in bring oning antigen-specific T-cell responses. The lone side effects were mild localised reactions at the site of injection and mild febrility in a few patients. The clinical results were encouraging, demoing transeunt stabilisation of the disease in half of the patients in the melanoma test and a 3rd of the patients in the lung carcinoma test.Another study that studied the usage of ascites-derived exosomes ( Aex ) in combination with the granulocyte-macrophages colony-stimulating factor ( GM-CSF ) in the immunotherapy of color ectal malignant neoplastic disease was besides published. 40 patients with advanced colorectal malignant neoplastic disease were involved in this survey and they were indiscriminately allocated to interventions with Aex entirely or Aex with GM-CSF. Both interventions were safe and the Aex plus GM-CSF can bring on tumour-specific antitumour cytotoxic T lymph cell ( CTL ) response ( Dai et al. , 2007 ) .Based on these consequences, a stage II clinical test is about to be initiated in France in patients with non-small cell lung malignant neoplastic disease that as been stabilized by chemotherapy. This survey will unite the disposal of exosomes from IFNg-treated DCs ( which express NKG2D ligands and IL-15Ra ) , and will use attacks that inhibit T Reg cells ( Mignot et al. , 2006 ) . Breast Cancer Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the 2nd major cause of malignant neoplastic disease decease in American adult females, with an estimated 40,170 lives lost in adult females in the United States in 2009 ( Jemal et al. , 2009 ) . Although ovarian malignant neoplastic disease histories for fewer deceases than chest malignant neoplastic disease, ovarian malignant neoplastic disease still represents 4 % of all female malignant neoplastic diseases. For some of the instances of both types of malignant neoplastic disease, there is besides a clear familial nexus.In 1994, two chest malignant neoplastic disease susceptibleness cistrons were identified: BRCA1 on chromosome 17 and BRCA2 on chromosome 13. When persons have a mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 cistron, they are at an increased hazard of developing chest or ovarian malignant neoplastic disease at some phases of their lives. Until late, it was non clear what the map of these cistrons was, until surveies on a related protein in barm reveale d their normal function: they participate in mending radiation-induced interruptions in double-stranded DNA. It is thought that mutants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 might disenable this mechanism, taking to more mistakes in DNA reproduction and finally to cancerous growing.This will be the first survey that compares normal mammary epithelial cells-derived exosomes and breast cancer-derived exosomes. Research Proposal The primary purpose of my undertaking is to insulate and qualify exosomes and to compare the immune-modulating belongingss of exosomes secreted from normal chest epithelial cell line ( B42 ) and a tumour line derived from it ( B42 clone 16 ) ( Weaver et al. , 2009 ) . I will measure if the normal and malignant neoplastic disease derived exosomes influence lymphocyte maps and tumour growing. Both cell lines are cultured in a serum-free growing medium incorporating Clonetics Mammary Epithelial Basal Media ( MEBM ) and MEGM SingleQuot addendums ( Cambrex ) . This information will so be used in a comparative analysis of patient derived stuff.Flow cytometry was used at the start to place the belongingss of the atoms present in the cell civilization supernatant. PBS on its ain was compared to man-made beads of size 48 nanometer, 100 nanometer and 410 nanometer. And consequences show that the size of the little atoms present in the cell line supernatant was less than 100 nm as seen in 2F, 2 G and 2H. Analysis of the MEBM medium utilizing flow cytometry showed that there were little atoms with size less than about 300nm as seen in 2E. A fact that must be considered in all exosome surveies is that civilization media addendums, such as FBS, can besides incorporate exosomes. Therefore media supplememts should either be avoided if executable, or pre-spun at 100,000 ten g to take exosomes. To turn out that the little atoms we detected were secreted from the cells and non from the civilization medium, we so stained our cells with Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester ( CFSE ) , which is a fluorescent cell staining dye. B42 cells were incubated with CFSE in PBS ( concentration of CFSE is 10 Â µM ) at room temperature in dark for 10 proceedingss. The CFSE was so removed by rinsing the cells and 10ml of growing medium was added in the flask, which was so put in the brooder. 1ml of supernatant was taken out after 24, 48 and 72 hours, and was so analysed by flow cytometry. P A ll atoms detected in supernatants from cells are fluorescent as seen in 3 A, 3B, 3C, 3D and 3E, which indicates that they are secreted from the cells.Immunoblotting has besides been utilised to characterize the stray cysts. 50ml of 5-day normal cell supernatant and 35ml of 5-day tumor cell supernatant was used. Exosomes were isolated utilizing centrifugation at 1500rpm ( 100 x g ) followed by ultracentrifugation at 24,000 revolutions per minute ( 100,000 x g ) utilizing a SW28 rotor for three hours. Supernatant was poured off and the pellets were resuspended in PBS. The protein concentration was determined to be: normal cell-derived exosome pellet 344 mg/ml, tumor cell derived pellet 535 mg/ml.Both samples were resuspended in SDS cut downing sample buffer ( 2 % SDS, 20 % Glycerol, 0.05 % bromophenol blue, 0.5 M Tris pH6.8 and Dithiothreitol as the cut downing agent ) and denatured by heating at 70 Â °C for 1 minute. Electrophoresis was carried out in SDS-PAGE running buffer for abo ut 1 hr at 150 VProtein samples were so transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane ( in blotting buffer ( 25mM Tris, 192mM Glycine ) at 100 V for about 30 proceedingss ) . Ponceau S was used to look into the protein transportation. The nitrocellulose membrane was washed in H2O and so with PBS+ 0.1 % Tween 20. Barricading buffer ( PBS+0.1 % Tween and 5 % Skimmed milk pulverization ) was so added and the membrane was left on a shaker for about 15 proceedingss. Primary antibodies ( Alix, Tsg101. HC10 ) were diluted into PBS+ 0.1 % Tween ( 1/1000 dilution ) and incubated with the membrane and were left on a shaker in a cold room overnight.Membrane was washed 3 times with PBS+0.1 % Tween at 10 proceedingss intervals. Secondary antibody IgG-HRP was diluted in PBS+0.1 % Tween ( 1/1 0, 000 dilution ) and was incubated with the membrane for about 20 proceedingss. Membrane was so washed 3 times with PBS+0.1 % Tween at 10 proceedingss intervals. 1ml of PBS, 300 m cubic decimeter of Peroxide an d 300 m cubic decimeter of foil ( Super signal West Femto ) was assorted together and incubated with the membrane for about 1 minute. Excess fluid was so absorbed with tissue. Antibody binding was so visualised with Fujifilm Intelligent Dark Box LAS-3000.The consequences are shown in 6. Typical exosomes surface markers such as MHC Class I, ALIX and TSG101 can be visualised. As this is merely the preliminary consequence and the burden of normal and tumour exosomal protein was non equal, this experiment will be repeated in the hereafter. Future experiments: 1. It has already become evident that a confining factor in the experimental system we have developed is the sum of exosomes that can be harvested from civilization supernatants. Non-adherent lymphoid lines can be grown to high denseness, with good outputs of exosomes. In contrast, adherent cells, such as the chest lines being used in this survey, can non be grown to such high denseness in normal flasks, with a ensuing lower output of stuff. However, in communications with other exosome research workers, we are obtaining similar sums from these standard flasks.Therefore to better outputs we will look into the usage of fresh tissue civilization techniques. Two methods are executable. First, the usage of the Integra Celline system, which are particular flask incorporating a membrane edge inner compartment where cells are seeded, an external compa R tment where civilization medium is placed. This system is presently in usage by the Clayton group in Cardiff. Its chief disadvantage is the cost of each single flask is in the part of ?150. Whilst good pattern should let extended usage, accidental infection or the demand for a fresh batch of cells would necessitate another new flask. Therefore, the system will we prove will be the usage of microcarries, which are little dextran-based domains on which disciple cells grow. Adding these to standard flasks can therefore increase the surface country greatly.Cell growing and exosome production will be optimised utilizing Cytodex 1 bearer beads. A methodological analysis paper has been published for the usage of the Celline flask system in exosomes production, but non for microcarriers, therefore it is a possible paper as good.2. The flow cytometry informations shown above, whilst declarative mood of little cysts in the civilization medium, does non turn out that they are exosomes. We will utilize flow cytometric screening to farther characterise these cysts, with the end of identifying and screening microvesicles from exosom es. Such a technique could hold great value in the analysis of cyst biomarkers in patient samples.3. Exosomes will be obtained through standard high-velocity ultracentrifugation. The proteins present on these exosomes will be analysed in order to analyze the composing of the exosomes. Western smudge and flow cytometry will be used to analyze exosomes markers associated on the normal and tumour cells. two-dimensional gel electrophresis will be used to qualify any differences between normal and tumour cells, proteins can be so analysed by mass spectroscopy, which identifies the protein. Whether exosomes will impact the growing of blood lymph cells harvested from healthy givers will be studied. We will besides utilize tumour-derived exosomes to find if they affect the growing of Normal and tumour cells. Finally, we will analyze whether exosomes are present in the serum of chest malignant neoplastic disease patients and analyze its possible usage as a diagnostic tool.Experiments will be carried out to see whether tumour exosomes can intercede anchorage-independent growing of the chest malignant neoplastic disease cell line. We will besides analyze whether exosomes are present in the serum of chest malignant neoplastic disease patients. Mentions Abusamra, A, J. , Zhong, Z, H. , Zheng, X, F. , Li, M. , Ichim, T, E. ,Chin, J, L. A ; Min, W, P. ( 2005 ) . Tumor exosomes showing Fas ligand mediate CD8+ T-cell programmed cell death. Blood cells, Molecules, and Diseases. 35:169-173Admyre, C. , Grunewald, J. , Thyberg, J. , Gripenback, S. , Tornling, G. , Eklund, A. , Scheynius, A. A ; Gabrielsson, S. ( 2003 ) . Exosomes with major histocompatibility complex category II and co-stimulatory molecules are present in human BAL fluid. Eur Respir J. 22: 578-583.Admyre, C. , Johansson, S, M. , Paulie, S. A ; Gabrielsson, S. ( 2006 ) . Direct Exosome stimulation of Peripheral Human T Cells Detected by Elispot. Eur. J. Immunol. 36:1772–1781Admyre, C. , Johansson, S, M. , Qazi, K, R. , Filen, J, J. , Lahesmaa, R. , Norman, M. , Neve, E, P, A. A ; Scheynius, A. ( 2007 ) . Exosomes with Immune Modulatory Features Are Present in Human Breast Milk. J. Immunol. 179: 1969-1978Andre, F. , Schartz, N.E.C. , Movassagh, M. , Flament, C. , P autier, P. , Morice, P. , Pomel, C. , Lhomme, C. , Escudier, B. , Le Chevalier, T. , Tursz, T. , Amigorena, S. , Raposo, G. , Angevn, E. A ; Zitvogel, L. ( 2002 ) . Malignant gushs andimmunogenic tumour-derived exosomes. The Lancet. 360: 295-305.Bausero, M, A. , Gastpar, R. , Multhoff, G. A ; Asea, A. ( 2005 ) . Alternate mechanism by which IFN-g enhances Tumor acknowledgment: Active Release of Heat Shock Protein 72. J. Immunol. 175:2900-2912Beauvillain, C. , Juste, M, O. , Dion, s. , Pierre, J. A ; dimier-Poisson, I. ( 2009 ) . Exosomes are an effectual vaccinum against inborn toxoplasmosis in mice. Vaccine. 27:1750-1757Caby, M. P. , Lankar, D. , Vincendeau-Scherrer, C. , Rapo